Both Chargaff Second Parity Rule and the Strand Symmetry Rule Are Imprecise

A Study in Entire Chromosomes of Violations of the Intra-strand Parity of Complementary Nucleotides (Chargaff's Second Parity Rule)

Chargaff's rule of intra-strand parity (ISP) between complementary mono/oligonucleotides in chromosomes is well established in the scientific literature. Although a large numbers of papers have been published citing works and discussions on ISP in the genomic era, scientists are yet to find all the factors responsible for such a universal phenomenon in the chromosomes. In the present work, we h...

Mismatch Repair Error Implies Chargaff's Second Parity Rule

Chargaff’s second parity rule (PR2) holds empirically for most types of DNA that along single strands of DNA the base contents are equal for complimentary bases, A = T,G = C. A Markov chain model is constructed to track the evolution of any single base position on a given single strand of DNA whose organism is equipped with the process of mismatch repair. Under the key assumptions that the mism...

Persia and the Golden Rule

My paper has two parts. First, I talk about the golden rule. After introducing the rule and its global importance, I explain why many scholars dismiss it as a vague proverb that leads to absurdities when we try to formulate it clearly. I defend the golden rule against such objections. Second, I talk about the golden rule in Persia and Islam; I consider Persian sources (Muslim and non-Muslim) an...

The Symmetry Rule in Propositional

A Continuous Updating Rule for Imprecise Probabilities

The paper studies the continuity of rules for updating imprecise probability models when new data are observed. Discontinuities can lead to robustness issues: this is the case for the usual updating rules of the theory of imprecise probabilities. An alternative, continuous updating rule is introduced.